Craft & detail — Field Notes

MICROSOFT DESIGN

LDLR DESIGN FIELD NOTES

The empty room

Jiang brings Sunyata to Copilot: automation as emptying, removing mechanical labor to make room, not adding more.

BY QIAN JIANG / SEP 22, 2026

Create Ways of Being

Emptiness is the space in which reality can reveal itself.

Why it matters

— An AI designer on Copilot who has shown work at the Louvre and Tate Modern

— From Zhuangzi and Kant to Alipay sweet potatoes: hyper-digitization exhausts what it connects

— Sunyata as design principle: automation removes mechanical labor instead of adding features

— Her Garden of Synthetic Eden reimagines Bosch through AI’s birth and failure modes

Read on Microsoft Design →

Storytelling & narrative Craft & detail

GITHUB

LDLR DESIGN FIELD NOTES

Two geometries

Gimeno opens a million-line PR without dropping a frame: one geometry for code, a second for everything human.

BY ALBERTO GIMENO / SEP 23, 2026

Rendering huge pull requests in the GitHub Copilot app

Any ‘is the user interacting?’ check has to be one your own side effects can’t satisfy.

Why it matters

— A 2,200-file, million-line PR opens scrollable, with 400 inline review comments

— Two geometries: deterministic prefix sums for code, measured dynamic blocks for comments

— They rejected per-block ResizeObservers for one idle-gated measurement pass near the viewport

— An autopilot drove the real app unattended, reading health signals from disk logs

Read on GitHub →

Craft & detail Prototyping & exploration

BUILDING NUBANK

LDLR DESIGN FIELD NOTES

Written to be heard

A low-vision Nubanker wrote BLIND-CLAUDE.md: every response must survive being read aloud, top to bottom, in order.

BY NUBANK EDITORIAL / SEP 16, 2026

Designing Claude for ears, not eyes: An accessibility skill for blind and low-vision users

Every response must make sense read top-to-bottom, out loud, in order.

Why it matters

— BLIND-CLAUDE.md treats auditory comprehension as an engineering constraint, not a UI afterthought

— Tables become prose: a screen reader narrates cells as disconnected values with no structure

— Spatial references like 'see above' become restatements; every section carries its own context

— Long build logs collapse to the two or three lines that matter

— One person's validated workflow, honestly flagged: no broader user feedback collected yet

Read on Building Nubank →

Craft & detail Systems & primitives

UX COLLECTIVE

LDLR DESIGN FIELD NOTES

A hundred sharpenings

Yeo's 100th article, with a confession: editors caught his AI drafts. The friction of repetition is the point.

SEP 17, 2026

Rethinking writing in the world of design and AI

If you cannot write well, others will do your thinking for you.

Why it matters

— He tried AI-generated drafts; editors who knew his voice caught the slop

— Bierut's 100-Day logic: the friction of repetition, not the output, grows the writer

— The practice is specific: Google Keep drafts on his phone while kids fall asleep

— Seven lessons for sustaining a practice, from motivation and voice through forgiveness and tribe

Read on UX Collective →

Storytelling & narrative Craft & detail

NIELSEN NORMAN GROUP

LDLR DESIGN FIELD NOTES

Three keys, one lock

Fessenden names the challenges and five moves, simplicity through co-creation, that raise the floor for every user.

BY THERESE FESSENDEN / SEP 7, 2026

Neurodivergence: What is it and Why Does it Matter

Neuroinclusive design helps all users: simplicity, clarity, control, support, and co-creation.

Why it matters

— Executive function, communication, and sensory processing name the challenge areas

— Five moves: simplicity, clarity, control, support, and co-creation with users

— Co-creation puts neurodivergent users in the process, not just the tests

— Six minutes, sized for the next team accessibility review

Watch on Nielsen Norman Group →

Research & validation Craft & detail

NIELSEN NORMAN GROUP

LDLR DESIGN FIELD NOTES

A thousand words, still

Dykes defends long-form copy: three jobs fragments can’t do, from explaining complexity to earning search visibility.

BY TAYLOR DYKES / AUG 31, 2026

We Still Need Long-Form Copy

Some things are complex, require trust, and need SEO & AEO benefits.

Why it matters

— Three jobs short copy can’t do: explain complexity, establish credibility, earn search visibility

— AEO joins SEO: answer engines cite substantive pages, and fragments don’t get cited

— The natural homes: technical docs, legal writing, help and support, product descriptions, about pages

— Formatting is the concession to attention: summaries, callouts, bolding, visuals for anything past a thousand words

Watch on Nielsen Norman Group →

Storytelling & narrative Craft & detail

FIGMA

LDLR DESIGN FIELD NOTES

The prototype pitched

King vibe-coded the WebGPU canvas he’d imagined for years, recruited the team it earned, and shipped in two months.

BY ROGIE KING / SEP 1, 2026

Behind the build: Generative plugins and shaders at Figma

While it had taken us months to build progressive blur in Figma Draw, I could now create the same shader effect with one simple prompt — maybe two to nail it.

Why it matters

— Show, don’t tell: the “FigGPU” prototype did what a years-old obsession and a Loom in Slack never could

— Yassir Solomah validated it for real, replacing WebGL 2 fragment shaders with sandboxed WebGPU pipelines

— Two months to Config: no PRDs, no crits, demos over formal reviews, one massive Slack channel

— The reversal: vibe-coded prototypes served designers but failed developers and PMs — static mocks realigned the team, then code took over

— PropsKit, a web-components Figma UI kit, exists so agent-built plugins look and feel native

Read on Figma →

Prototyping & exploration Craft & detail Cross-functional & process

LINEAR

LDLR DESIGN FIELD NOTES

Fence the cascade, too

Skovhus turns a 1,000-PR styling migration into a boundaries argument: contracts enforced by tooling, built for agents.

BY KENNETH SKOVHUS / AUG 26, 2026

Styling Linear for the future with StyleX

Many of the patterns that are hardest to migrate are the ones that made the old system difficult to reason about at scale.

Why it matters

— Non-negotiables: build-time styles, explicit contracts, deterministic merging, safe long-term bet

— Styling at a distance made deliberately difficult, not discouraged by convention

— Deterministic codemod first; agents took more load as models improved mid-project

— A dev-bar counter and per-component highlighter made progress visible and social

— Lint rules and a type-aware repo checker enforce the conventions afterward

Read on Linear →

Systems & primitives Craft & detail Cross-functional & process

DESIGNER FUND

LDLR DESIGN FIELD NOTES

Protect the search

Saarinen, Aufmann, and Kumar widen design’s search with AI: context gathering in, critique and copy deliberately out.

BY KARRI SAARINEN, CHARLIE AUFMANN, AND ISHA KUMAR / AUG 12, 2026

Protecting the Thinking Behind Great Design | Inside Linear's Design Team

When you can do anything, what you choose not to do is far more important than doing everything much faster.

Why it matters

— Karri's /linear-way skill interrogates 40k customer requests for the real problem

— The wiki ask, reframed: let context live where execution lives

— Kumar caps AI at 20–30% of net-new design work, on purpose

— Aufmann brings raw customer quotes to review, so debate runs on evidence

— Define what good looks like first — otherwise the output can never fail

Read on Designer Fund →

Craft & detail Critique & decision-making Prototyping & exploration

MICROSOFT DESIGN

LDLR DESIGN FIELD NOTES

Trust sets during setup

Dhaka and Sikdar watched sales reps meet an agent, then distilled five principles: aha before configuration.

BY POOJA DHAKA AND GARIMA SIKDAR / AUG 13, 2026

Designing the first five minutes

The fix isn't eliminating the setup. It's reordering it.

Why it matters

— Generate a baseline draft from minimal input, then show sources improving it

— Design for partial completion and save-and-resume; show what's done and what's next

— Absent plain-language progress cues, participants just issued repeated prompts

— Ask for context only when it materially changes the result, then retain it

— Users project ChatGPT priors onto narrow agents; show example tasks early

Read on Microsoft Design →

Research & validation Craft & detail

FAST COMPANY

LDLR DESIGN FIELD NOTES

Design molts again

Fuller files the AI panic in a 70-year lineage of design deaths, with Figma literally staging the funeral.

AUG 6, 2026

Design is on its deathbed. Long live design!

Design isn't just what it looks like or how it works anymore: Design is how it feels.

Why it matters

— Figma staged a literal funeral pop-up: flowers, black hats, 'Design Is Dead'

— BLS counts near half a million designers, up from 200,000 in 2004

— Figma's own survey: 56% of non-designers now do design work

— Herbert Spencer warned about printing's technical changes in 1958; same speech, new tools

— Lewenstein predicts a service design comeback; Ouilhet coins 'humorphism' for human-scale AI

Read on Fast Company →

Storytelling & narrative Craft & detail

NUBANK

LDLR DESIGN FIELD NOTES

The bank’s sketchbook

Nubank threw open its studio: 400 seats, a brand refresh, and Eismann closing. Design culture as a public event.

AUG 5, 2026

Nu Design Day

Real cases, learnings at scale, and strategies told by the people who make them.

Why it matters

— First public design event: 400 free seats in São Paulo, gone fast

— Agenda doubles as an org chart: craft, research, content, brand, careers

— Noah Levin argued the PDLC is collapsing into one continuous loop

— A brand refresh presented as feeling: image, sound, and product together

— Recordings promised; the recap is the field note to watch for

See the event page →

Hiring & team Storytelling & narrative Craft & detail

SLACK DESIGN

LDLR DESIGN FIELD NOTES

Adequate became free

Fernandez turns Butterfield’s 2013 promise into a frame with a gut-check: are we proud to ship this?

BY MIGUEL FERNANDEZ / JUL 17, 2026

Product Quality: A Shared Commitment to Craft in the wake of AI

The distance from nothing to adequate has collapsed. The distance from adequate to loveable has not.

Why it matters

— Craft debt compounds like technical debt; you pay in churn and reputation

— Utility, usability, feel: one craft language across product, engineering, design

— The IKEA effect at scale: we overvalue whatever we prompted

— Looks-finished is not is-finished; visible behavior hides absent structure

— The bar: would I recommend this to someone I care about?

Read on Slack Design →

Craft & detail Critique & decision-making Cross-functional & process

PROOF OF CONCEPT

LDLR DESIGN FIELD NOTES

Taste is a regimen

Hoang rejects taste-as-gift: four practice areas (eye, hand, aesthetics, rhetoric), trained like a discipline.

JUL 19, 2026

Training design senses

Experience isn't time spent; it's evidence of what you can do.

Why it matters

— Agentic tools without foundations: a DJ set handed to a pianist-in-training

— Train the eye by capturing, collecting, and curating what you notice daily

— Copy the masters: reconstruct interfaces from scratch and ask why each margin works

— Aesthetics come third, once the eye and the hand can keep pace with each other

— Rhetoric sharpens judgment: if you can't explain a call, intuition is ahead of reasoning

Read on Proof of Concept →

Craft & detail Critique & decision-making Storytelling & narrative

BEN CALLAHAN

LDLR DESIGN FIELD NOTES

The skipped conversation

Callahan splits product quality in two: the design system sets the floor, and how product teams use it sets the ceiling.

JUL 5, 2026

What is product craft in the age of AI and design systems?

The worst product teams can make awful experiences with the best design systems.

Why it matters

— Craft is the skill to deliver higher quality over time; quality is the thing you'd measure

— A system raises the floor, but restraint and knowing when to deviate set the ceiling

— Four scenarios: only high craft on both sides produces a high ceiling

— He reverses himself, since enable-over-police left system teams out of the quality conversation

— The loop: co-define quality, craft toward it, evaluate, bake the wins into the floor

Read on their blog →

Systems & primitives Craft & detail Cross-functional & process

UX COLLECTIVE

LDLR DESIGN FIELD NOTES

Provenance is the signal

Paschal traces the rise of creative provenance: trust wears thin, and people start asking who made the thing.

BY ALLIE PASCHAL / JUL 6, 2026

Wait, who made this?

People want to know the source of who generated what.

Why it matters

— The question 'was that made by AI?' barely existed a few years ago

— We judged creative work on quality and outcome, rarely on process or behind-the-scenes

— As generated output improves, the human and machine line gets harder to detect

— Trust wears away, and people start wanting to know the source of who generated what

Read on UX Collective →

Craft & detail Storytelling & narrative

TECH.EU

LDLR DESIGN FIELD NOTES

Defending the draft

Jon Steinback's Marker leaves stealth with a $13M seed and a thesis: AI should write with you, never for you.

BY JOHN REYNOLDS

AI writing startup co-founded by DeepMind creative lead raises $13M seed investment

"I believe they will choose something that values the craft" (Jon Steinback, Marker CEO)

Why it matters

— Co-founded by ex DeepMind creative lead Jon Steinback and Ryan Bowman

— $13M seed led by Index Ventures, with LocalGlobe and heavyweight angels

— Angels include Steve Newman, whose Writely became Google Docs

— Built for ideation, drafting, revision, and collaboration, not automated output

— Early testers are writing blogs, memos, novels, and wedding speeches

Read on Tech.eu →

Craft & detail Prototyping & exploration

FIGMA

LDLR DESIGN FIELD NOTES

Taste Is Care, Not a Gift

Figma's chief design officer reframes taste as care, not gift, and names three things she screens for when hiring.

BY LOREDANA CRISAN / JUN 8, 2026

You never stop cultivating taste

Great designers have language for things most people only feel.

Why it matters

— Taste is care: for the user, the craft, and the result.

— It grows from love of the craft plus care for people.

— She hires for discernment: can they name what's not working, and why?

— Empathy and creative energy round out the three signals she looks for.

— Even Dyson ran 5,127 prototypes; the first output is never final.

Read on Figma →

Craft & detail Hiring & team

FIGMA

LDLR DESIGN FIELD NOTES

Agents people can trust

Sheta Chatterjee walks the design calls behind Gemini Enterprise: a shared AI inbox and people kept in control.

BY SHETA CHATTERJEE / APR 29, 2026

How to design agentic tools for work

the user's focus should always be on their goal, not on managing AI

Why it matters

— One brand language up top, real differentiation down at the feature level.

— The guiding rule: keep focus on the goal, not on managing AI.

— An AI Inbox shows what each agent is doing and needs.

— Chat threads become shared project spaces, so the AI joins the team.

— Transparency and an obvious way to intervene, since the stakes are real.

Read on Figma →

Systems & primitives Cross-functional & process Craft & detail

IT'S NICE THAT

LDLR DESIGN FIELD NOTES

Designers, write

Goodspeed argues writing works through the same questions your design already circles, and it earns the effort.

BY ELIZABETH GOODSPEED / APR 2, 2026

Elizabeth Goodspeed on why design writing needs designers writing

their writing and their work circle the same inquiries, even as the format changes

Why it matters

— Writing and design tend to come from the same place.

— The idea of a "beat": questions you keep returning to.

— Designers catch distinctions outsiders miss, which makes the prose more precise.

— Writing forces you to name what taste usually leaves implicit.

Read on It's Nice That →

Storytelling & narrative Craft & detail

JAMIESON ROTHWELL

LDLR DESIGN FIELD NOTES

Shipping binaries now

After three decades built on the handoff, Jamieson Rothwell ships working software and treats builds as design.

MAY 11, 2026

Product Design in 2026: Am I still a designer?

Shipping is the new designing.

Why it matters

— The old ritual, design then hand off blueprints, is over for him.

— LLMs and coding agents turn static design into active construction.

— Local-first as a design choice: his tool Warren guards data ownership.

— A small cross-platform system, Sitka, keeps React, HTML, and Swift aligned.

— Barrier to entry collapsed; the barrier to greatness is still taste.

Read on Medium →

Prototyping & exploration Systems & primitives Craft & detail

THE FOUNTAIN INSTITUTE

LDLR DESIGN FIELD NOTES

Senior hiring, updated

Jeff Humble gathers a hiring playbook where every tip is from this year, aimed at senior designers rethinking their career strategy.

BY JEFF HUMBLE

7 Ways Hiring is Evolving for Senior Designers

Shipped, traceable work beats case studies.

Why it matters

— Get comfortable with live problem-solving, not just polished case studies.

— Shipped, traceable work now carries more weight than a portfolio narrative.

— Advice pulled from various experts, all of it dated to this year.

— A good moment to experiment with how you position yourself.

Read on The Fountain Institute →

Hiring & team Craft & detail

ALPHA BYTES

LDLR DESIGN FIELD NOTES

Taste becomes the moat

As AI flattens production, cultivated taste and a clear point of view become the designer’s edge.

MAY 15, 2026

Craft & detail Storytelling & narrative

VIOLETTA BONENKAMP

LDLR DESIGN FIELD NOTES

Design you can execute

A founder argues the shift that matters is encoding brand rules and taste into files non-designers can run.

JUN 1, 2026

Systems & primitives Craft & detail

DESIGN WITH AI

LDLR DESIGN FIELD NOTES

Five habits for AI work

Notes from ÌníOlúwa Abíódún's talk on shipping AI agents: scope sharply, write to think, then explore rough prototypes.

MAY 24, 2026

Prototyping & exploration Craft & detail

BUILDING NUBANK

LDLR DESIGN FIELD NOTES

Simplicity is strategy

Five lessons from 127 million customers, where hiding complexity is a deliberate architectural and cultural decision.

BY MARISTELA CALAZANS / FEB 16, 2026

What changes when your product reaches 127 million people

Simplicity at scale is not a design preference. It's a strategic decision.

Why it matters

— Quarterly Customer Connection visits put teams in unstable-internet, older-device reality

— Accumulated friction, not catastrophic failure, is the real loyalty killer

— Caixinhas cut a dozen fund options to a two-step habit-building flow

— Global core, local nuance shipped Colombia's Bre-B six months faster

— Intelligent friction: slowing users down protects life savings on unusual transactions

Read on Building Nubank →

Cross-functional & process Research & validation Craft & detail

GITHUB

LDLR DESIGN FIELD NOTES

Accessibility, shipped

GitHub’s five-year program turns outward: audit data, design tooling, and AI agents make inclusion operational.

BY ED SUMMERS / MAY 21, 2026

Building GitHub's next chapter in accessibility

Accessibility is never done.

Why it matters

— Audit analysis found 48% of issues preventable in the design phase

— Figma Annotation Toolkit documents accessibility intent before a line of code

— Copilot triage auto-populates 80% of metadata, cutting resolution time 62%

— Pull request files-changed page rebuilt accessibly across seven shipped updates

— Copilot CLI shipped screen reader mode and colorblind themes from day one

Read on GitHub →

Systems & primitives Craft & detail Cross-functional & process

MEDIUM

LDLR DESIGN FIELD NOTES

Senior isn’t linear

A short, honest reflection on stalls, rebuilds, and why recalibration, not uninterrupted success, is what separates senior designers.

MAR 16, 2026

The Hidden Part of Becoming a Senior Designer

Sometimes the comeback is where the real designer is formed.

Why it matters

— The clean junior-to-leadership arc is mostly a myth; progress stalls and restarts.

— Rejection feels personal when your work is visible, subjective, and always evaluated.

— Rebuilding fundamentals and portfolios is a reset, not a backward step.

— What separates seniors is resilience and a willingness to keep evolving.

Read on Medium →

Craft & detail Hiring & team

DESIGN SYSTEMS COLLECTIVE

LDLR DESIGN FIELD NOTES

Readable by machines

Indeed’s build story: structured metadata over prose, and JSON five times cheaper than Markdown for the same query.

MAY 14, 2026

Fully Machine-Readable Design Systems

Why it matters

— AI reads your design system differently; structured metadata beats prose documentation.

— Foundations should be always-on; components served on demand through an MCP.

— At Indeed, JSON cost five times less than Markdown for the same query.

— Progressive disclosure maps what AI needs without flooding its context window.

— The system you wrote for designers won't work for agents without a rewrite.

Read on Design Systems Collective →

Systems & primitives Craft & detail Research & validation

DESIGN SYSTEMS COLLECTIVE

LDLR DESIGN FIELD NOTES

Legibility is the work

Agents expose every gap you papered over. Williams asks whether your system can explain itself to an LLM.

MAY 18, 2026

Your System Can't Explain Itself. That's the Problem.

Why it matters

— Most design systems are a shared palette and a Confluence page nobody trusts.

— A real system enforces its contracts; agents expose every gap you papered over.

— Can your system explain itself to an LLM without hallucinating your brand?

— AI didn't create this problem; it's revealing the documentation debt you already had.

— Legibility is the work. Not the components. Not the tokens. The clarity.

Read on Design Systems Collective →

Systems & primitives Craft & detail Storytelling & narrative

THE GITHUB BLOG

LDLR DESIGN FIELD NOTES

Taught what not to touch

GitHub’s accessibility agent reviewed 3,535 PRs at a 68% fix rate. The sharper lesson is what it won’t touch.

BY ERIC BAILEY / MAY 15, 2026

Building a general-purpose accessibility agent, and what we learned in the process

LLMs have an unfortunate bias towards producing accessibility antipatterns.

Why it matters

— Two sandboxed sub-agents, a reviewer and an implementer, beat a parallel swarm.

— A complexity score tells the agent when to stop and escalate.

— High-risk patterns like drag-and-drop and data grids are off-limits by design.

— Only 35 of 55 WCAG criteria are machine-detectable, so manual review still anchors the work.

Read on The GitHub Blog →

Craft & detail Cross-functional & process

DESIGN SYSTEMS COLLECTIVE

LDLR DESIGN FIELD NOTES

Agents don’t read docs

Agents read structure and naming, not docs or goodwill, and the informal contract becomes a hard boundary.

MAY 11, 2026

Systems & primitives Craft & detail

MICROSOFT DESIGN

LDLR DESIGN FIELD NOTES

The system is the handoff

Microsoft folded Copilot into four surfaces tied by one ‘Throw and Catch’ pattern: the pattern is the system.

BY JON FRIEDMAN / MAY 12, 2026

A simplified system

Intelligence without continuity can feel like an interruption instead of a thought partner.

Why it matters

— Four canonical Copilot surfaces, not scattered features per app.

— 'Throw and Catch' governs handoff between the four surfaces.

— Context persists across apps. The conversation does not restart.

— On-canvas narrows from exploration to document focus on selection.

Read on Microsoft Design →

Systems & primitives Prototyping & exploration Craft & detail

GITHUB (ENGINEERING & DESIGN)

LDLR DESIGN FIELD NOTES

Instant is the spec

GitHub Issues reframed performance around distribution shape, then paid 4.7% server/cache divergence to feel instant.

BY ALEXANDER LELIDIS / MAY 14, 2026

From latency to instant: Modernizing GitHub Issues navigation performance

We are willing to serve data that may be slightly stale if that allows the navigation to complete near instantaneous

Why it matters

— Reframed the goal: shape the distribution, not chase p99.

— Five layers: in-memory cache, IndexedDB, preheat, service worker, code-split.

— Accepted 4.7% server/cache divergence as the operating envelope.

— Cache hit went from 33% to 96%. P10 dropped to 70ms.

Read on GitHub (Engineering & Design) →

Craft & detail Systems & primitives Critique & decision-making

MICROSOFT DESIGN

LDLR DESIGN FIELD NOTES

Paper earns its geometry

Microsoft spent years replacing plastic with paper. Committing was easy; making every millimeter behave was the work.

APR 21, 2026

Paper, please: The box that did more with less

A variance of one to two millimeters risked scratching the device or allowing damage during transit.

Why it matters

— Foam absorbs impact by being soft. Paper does it by structure.

— Over 1,000 prototype boxes to get coatings, paper, and inks working.

— Smaller boxes per pallet linked sustainability and shipping cost.

— Measurement ran as a second project tracking progress across thousands.

Read on Microsoft Design →

Cross-functional & process Craft & detail Systems & primitives

RAUNO FREIBERG

LDLR DESIGN FIELD NOTES

Minimap, jank, blur

Rauno tried to solve 'scroll back' with a minimap. The minimap caused jank, the jank needed a blur, and the blur almost worked.

Field Notes

The jank gets increasingly worse when you actually choose to scroll to another message.

Why it matters

— Each solution reveals the next constraint: scroll, minimap, jank, blur.

— AI summaries failed: you remember what you typed, not a summary.

— Blur-and-stack beats layout collapse because fewer objects move.

— Keeping the composer visible preserves task context in minimap mode.

Read on their blog →

Critique & decision-making Prototyping & exploration Craft & detail

LINEAR

LDLR DESIGN FIELD NOTES

No Miro board in Athens

Linear flew designers and engineers to Athens and shipped a working build by Friday. The part worth lifting is the trust.

BY KARRI SAARINEN / MAR 28, 2024

How we redesigned the Linear UI (part II)

It's always better to do a redesign quickly. Otherwise, you will block almost every project and create design debt.

Why it matters

— Mornings for design iteration, afternoons for engineering pairs.

— Working build behind a feature flag by Friday.

— Compressed loop only works when trust replaces handoff rituals.

— Specific technical calls: LCH over HSL, Electron cross-platform tax.

Read on Linear →

Craft & detail Cross-functional & process Prototyping & exploration